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Threads
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Java
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POSIX
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Win32
(7)
Software and the Concurrency Revolution
Focuses on the implications of concurrency for software and its consequences for both programming languages and programmers. (Herb Sutter and James Larus)
Await && Locks
An expressive C++ thread synchronization library.
Concurrency with Erlang
To avoid problems with shared state working with multiple threads, Vinoski recommends a programming language like Erlang rather than C++ or Java.
Bibliography on Threads and Multithreading
Part of the Computer Science Bibliography Collection.
Thread Implementation Table
Dave Butenhof's comparison of thread implementations.
State Threads Library
Small application library for writing fast, highly scalable Internet programs on Unix-like platforms. Open source, MPL or GPL.
Priority Inheritance Protocols
Use of synchronization mechanisms like semaphores, monitors, and critical regions can lead to uncontrolled priority inversion. [PDF file]
Foundations of Multithreaded, Parallel, and Distributed Programming
This book teaches the fundamental concepts of multithreaded, parallel and distributed computing. Emphasizes how to solve problems, with correctness the primary concern and performance an important, but secondary, concern. (Gregory R. Andrews)
Concurrent Programming: Principles and Practice
This book provides an in-depth overview of underlying principles as well as practical techniques that can be used to design concurrent programs. (Greg Andrews)
Generic Synchronization Policies in C++
Most uses of synchronization code in multi-threaded applications fall into a small number of high-level “usage patterns”, or what can be called generic synchronization policies (GSPs). This paper illustrates how the use of such GSPs simplify the writing of thread-safe classes. In addition, this paper presents a C++ class library that implements commonly-used GSPs.
The Problem with Threads
Argues that for concurrent programming to become mainstream, threads must be discarded as a programming model. Nondeterminism should be judiciously and carefully introduced where needed, and it should be explicit in programs.
Apply Critical Sections Consistently
Critical sections are the One True Tool for guaranteeing mutual exclusion on shared variables. Like most tools, these must be applied consistently, and with the intended meanings.
Use Lock Hierarchies to Avoid Deadlock
Explains how to use lock hierarchies to avoid deadlock by assigning each shared resource a level that corresponds to its architectural layer.
Application-Level Abstractions for Lock-Free Data Sharing
Describes lock-free data sharing, otherwise known as "wait-free data sharing" as an alternative to the use of locks.
volatile - Multithreaded Programmer's Best Friend
Discusses the usage of the volatile keyword in multithreaded C++ programs.
Lock-free Interprocess Communication
Interprocess communication is an essential component of modern software engineering. Often, lock-free IPC is accomplished via special processor commands. This article propose a communication type that requires only atomic writing of processor word from processor cache into main memory and atomic processor word reading from main memory into the processor register or processor cache.
Multi-threaded Debugging Techniques
Describes a number of general purpose debugging techniques for multi-threaded applications.
The Pillars of Concurrency
This article makes the case that a consistent mental model is needed to talk about concurrency.
Introduction to Priority Inversion
Gives an introduction to priority inversion and shows a pair of techniques to avoid them.
Portable Thread Synchronization using C++
Provides example C++ classes implementing a series of synchronization objects useful for building portable (Solaris and Win32) multithreaded applications.
Designing a Thread Class in C++
Resources on designing a thread class in C++. Provides introduction, basic approach, implementation and using the class thread in C++.
The Free Lunch Is Over: A Fundamental Turn Toward Concurrency in Software
The biggest sea change in software development since the OO revolution is knocking at the door, and its name is Concurrency.
It's (Not) All Been Done
Every decade or so there is a major revolution in the way software is developed. But, unlike the object and web revolutions, the concurrency revolution can be seen coming.
comp.programming.threads FAQ
Bil Lewis's collection of frequently asked questions.
Survey of Threads
Comparing Solaris, Linux, and Windows NT threads.
RT++
Higher order threads for C++; tutorial and reference manual.
comp.programming.threads FAQ
Frequently asked questions (by Bryan O'Sullivan).
Protothreads
Very lightweight stackless threads; give linear code execution for event-driven systems, designed to use little memory; library is pure C, no platform-specific Assembly; usable with or without OS. Open source, BSD-type license.
Fundamentals of Multithreading
Technical article, covering Amdahl's Law, latencies and bandwidth, on-chip multiprocessing, Jackson technology, and simultaneous multithreading. (SystemLogic.net)
A Thread Performance Comparison
Compares Windows NT and Solaris on a symmetric multiprocessor machine.
ZThreads
An advanced object-oriented, cross-platform C++ threading and synchronization library. [GPL]
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